β d glucopyranosyl 1 3 d glucose  (MedChemExpress)

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Usage of nanobody-beta-galactosidase fusion in immunoassays and its application in detecting a peanut allergen

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100357

Figure Lengend Snippet: β-Gal detection of the association between its fusion partner Nb16 and Ara h 3 by ELISA. The utility of β-gal as a colorimetric enzyme in ELISA was assessed. Nb16-βgal association with Ara h 3 coated on the surface of the wells, but not with the control proteins, was detected. (A) SDS-PAGE analysis of Ara h 3 and control proteins used to coat the microplate. Nonreduced (lane 1) and reduced (lane 2) Ara h 3 were separated on a 4–12% SDS gel and stained with CBB. Chicken allergen Gal d 2 (lane 3) and cow's milk allergen Bos d 4 (lane 4) were included as control samples. The molecular masses (in kDa) of the proteins in the marker (lane M) are shown on the right side of the gel images. (B) The kinetic curves of the signal readout during plate incubation after the β-gal substrate ONPG was added. The black line shows the average signal of the wells incubated with TBS during the coating step. Red, green, and blue lines show the average signals of the wells coated with Gal d 2, Bos d 4, and Ara h 3, respectively. All the coating samples were at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. (C) A bar representation of β-gal detection in the ELISA experiment using the endpoint data. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Milli-Q water was purified in-house using a Milli-Q Advantage A10 system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and used throughout. o -Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG), Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), Kanamycin (Kan), and X-Gal were purchased from GoldBio (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control, SDS Page, SDS-Gel, Staining, Marker, Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Usage of nanobody-beta-galactosidase fusion in immunoassays and its application in detecting a peanut allergen

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100357

Figure Lengend Snippet: Detection of peanut allergen Ara h 3 at various concentrations. (A) Plate wells were coated with Ara h 3 at the concentrations indicated below the bar plot. Results were analyzed as described in C, but without background (signal for [Ara h 3] = 0) correction. (B) Kinetic signal readout during plate incubation after the β-gal substrate ONPG was added. Ara h 3 concentrations are indicated next to the endpoint signals. (C) The slopes of the linear fit to the kinetic data are shown in a bar graph. The Ara h 3 concentrations in the coating samples are indicated under the bars. (D) The slope of the kinetic data as a function of the Ara h 3 concentration is shown. The red straight line shows the results of fitting the data for Ara h 3 concentrations <2.5 μg/mL. (E) A semi-log plot of the slopes of the β-gal signal against the Ara h 3 concentration. The red sigmoidal line shows the result of a four-parameter logistic curve fit. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Milli-Q water was purified in-house using a Milli-Q Advantage A10 system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and used throughout. o -Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG), Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), Kanamycin (Kan), and X-Gal were purchased from GoldBio (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: Food Chemistry: Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Usage of nanobody-beta-galactosidase fusion in immunoassays and its application in detecting a peanut allergen

doi: 10.1016/j.fochms.2026.100357

Figure Lengend Snippet: Direct ELISA detection of peanut proteins in baked food. Kinetic signal readout during plate incubation with β-gal substrate ONPG. Each data point is the average of three triplicate wells. Data obtained by coating the plate with diluted muffin extract at peanut protein concentrations of 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 15.63, and 39.06 ppm are shown in red, green, blue, cyan, and magenta, respectively. Data for the negative control, with wells treated with TBS during coating, are shown in black. Linear fits were applied to each data set, and the y-axis intercept of each fit was subtracted from each data point to shift the data set vertically. The straight lines are the results of linear fits of the shifted data. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Article Snippet: Milli-Q water was purified in-house using a Milli-Q Advantage A10 system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) and used throughout. o -Nitrophenyl-β-galactoside (ONPG), Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), Kanamycin (Kan), and X-Gal were purchased from GoldBio (St Louis, MO, USA).

Techniques: Direct ELISA, Incubation, Negative Control

Journal: Alzheimer's & Dementia

Article Title: Single‐cell analysis reveals neuroprotective histone deacetylase inhibitor pathways

doi: 10.1002/alz.71108

Figure Lengend Snippet: Integrative multi‐cell type analysis workflow identifies DISC1 as a convergent target of TSA in AD. Schematic representation of the multi‐pronged analytical framework used to identify and validate TSA as a therapeutic candidate for AD. The workflow began with cell‐type‐specific drug repurposing analysis of scRNA‐seq data from Grubman et al., ¹³ Mathys et al., ¹⁴ and Green et al. ¹⁵ datasets, resulting in the identification of TSA as a promising compound. We strategically investigated TSA's effects through two parallel cell type‐specific pathways: neurons and microglia. These cell types were specifically selected based on their known vulnerability in AD pathology and significant drug scores in our initial ASGARD analysis. For neurons, we applied DEGAS analysis to identify AD‐associated neuronal subpopulations, followed by differential expression analysis of TSA‐treated neurons in mice. Concurrently, we examined microglia, which showed high TSA drug scores in doublet interactions, and conducted differential expression analysis across microglial subtypes. Both analytical branches converged on DISC1 as a key upregulated gene, which was subsequently validated in human iPSC‐derived neuronal models through both phenotypic assays and transcriptomic analysis. This cell type‐specific approach enabled the identification of DISC1 as a potential mechanistic target underlying TSA's neuroprotective effect in AD. Created in BioRender. Peyton, M. (2025) https://biorender.com/73irecf . AD, Alzheimer's disease; ASGARD, A Single Cell Guided Pipeline to Aid Repurposing of Drugs; DEGAS, Diagnostic Evidence Gauge of Single cells; DISC1, Disrupted‐In‐Schizophrenia 1; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; scRNA‐seq, single‐cell RNA sequencing; TSA, trichostatin‐A.

Article Snippet: For experimental treatments, neurons were cultured until in vitro day (DIV) 4, at which point they were treated with various concentrations of TSA (TSA, Sigma–Aldrich, cat. #: T1952) and Aβ oligomers (StressMarq, cat. #: SPR‐488).

Techniques: Quantitative Proteomics, Derivative Assay, Diagnostic Assay, RNA Sequencing

Journal: Alzheimer's & Dementia

Article Title: Single‐cell analysis reveals neuroprotective histone deacetylase inhibitor pathways

doi: 10.1002/alz.71108

Figure Lengend Snippet: Single‐cell analysis identifies TSA as top drug repurposing candidate across cortical brain regions. (A) UMAP projections of all cells from six control and six AD samples in the Grubman et al. ¹³ entorhinal cortex dataset, with clusters representing cell‐type‐specific groupings. (B) Pathway enrichment analysis highlighting key signaling pathways significantly enriched within each cell type cluster in the Grubman dataset, with significance represented as ‐log10(FDR). (C) Drug Score analysis for AD samples in the Grubman dataset, displaying compounds with FDR < 0.1 and Drug Score ranking within the 90th percentile. TSA (trichostatin‐A) emerges among the top‐ranked candidates. (D) UMAP visualizations of all cells from 24 control and 24 AD samples in the Mathys et al. ¹⁴ prefrontal cortex dataset, with distinct clusters representing cell types. (E) Pathway enrichment analysis for the Mathys dataset showing key signaling pathways significantly enriched within each cell type cluster, with significance represented as ‐log10(FDR). (F) Drug Score analysis for AD samples in the Mathys dataset, displaying compounds with FDR < 0.1 and Drug Score values within the 90th percentile. (G) UMAP projections from the Green et al. ¹⁵ aged prefrontal cortex dataset showing cell‐type‐specific clustering across AD and control samples. (H) Pathway enrichment analysis for the Green dataset, highlighting significantly enriched signaling pathways across cell types, with significance represented as ‐log10(FDR). (I) Drug Score analysis for the Green dataset showing top‐ranked therapeutic candidates with FDR < 0.1 and Drug Scores within the 90th percentile. Cell types: Ast, astrocytes; CUX2+, CUX2‐positive excitatory neurons; CUX2‐, CUX2‐negative excitatory neurons; Dou, doublets; End, endothelial cells; Ex, excitatory neurons; In, inhibitory neurons; Inh, inhibitory neurons; Mic, microglia; Neu, neurons; Oli, oligodendrocytes; Opc, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; Per, pericytes; unID, unidentified cells. AD, Alzheimer's disease; FDR, false discovery rate; TSA, trichostatin‐A; UMAP, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection.

Article Snippet: For experimental treatments, neurons were cultured until in vitro day (DIV) 4, at which point they were treated with various concentrations of TSA (TSA, Sigma–Aldrich, cat. #: T1952) and Aβ oligomers (StressMarq, cat. #: SPR‐488).

Techniques: Single-cell Analysis, Control, Protein-Protein interactions

Journal: Alzheimer's & Dementia

Article Title: Single‐cell analysis reveals neuroprotective histone deacetylase inhibitor pathways

doi: 10.1002/alz.71108

Figure Lengend Snippet: Doublet cell analysis reveals cellular interaction patterns and drug targeting opportunities in AD. (A) UMAP projections of all cells from six control and six AD samples in the Grubman et al. ¹³ dataset, showing cell‐type‐specific clusters with doublets re‐annotated into their most likely two contributing cell types (e.g., ast‐mic for astrocyte–microglia doublets). (B) Bar chart displaying the counts of identified cell types, including doublets without splitting into their component cell types. (C) Pie chart illustrating the distribution of identified doublet cell types, providing an overview of the most common cellular interactions observed in the dataset. (D) Pathway enrichment analysis for re‐annotated cell type clusters, highlighting key signaling pathways with significant enrichment, represented as ‐log10(FDR). (E) Drug Score analysis for AD samples, highlighting compounds with FDR < 0.1 and Drug Scores within the 90th percentile. TSA shows particularly strong enrichment in doublet populations involving microglia. Cell types: Ast, astrocytes; Dou, doublets; End, endothelial cells; Mic, microglia; Neu, neurons; Oli, oligodendrocytes; Opc, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells; unID, unidentified cells. AD, Alzheimer's disease; FDR, false discovery rate; UMAP, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection.

Article Snippet: For experimental treatments, neurons were cultured until in vitro day (DIV) 4, at which point they were treated with various concentrations of TSA (TSA, Sigma–Aldrich, cat. #: T1952) and Aβ oligomers (StressMarq, cat. #: SPR‐488).

Techniques: Cell Analysis, Control, Protein-Protein interactions

Journal: Alzheimer's & Dementia

Article Title: Single‐cell analysis reveals neuroprotective histone deacetylase inhibitor pathways

doi: 10.1002/alz.71108

Figure Lengend Snippet: TSA modulates synaptic and developmental gene programs and prevents Aβ‐induced neurotoxicity in human iPSC‐derived cortical neurons. (A) Volcano plot of DEGs in TSA‐treated mouse hippocampal neurons versus control. Blue points represent significantly downregulated genes, while red points represent significantly upregulated genes (adjusted p ‐value < 0.05). (B) GO Biological Process enrichment analysis for genes with positive log2 fold change (upregulated by TSA treatment). (C) GO Biological Process enrichment analysis for genes with negative log2 fold change (downregulated by TSA treatment). (D) Venn diagram showing overlapping upregulated genes across three independent analyses: TSA‐treated mouse hippocampal neurons (red, 5015 unique genes), microglial subtypes from the Lee et al. human dataset (blue, 419 unique genes), and AD‐associated neurons identified via DEGAS cell prioritization analysis (green, 142 unique genes). The diagram reveals 104 genes shared between the TSA and Lee datasets, 54 genes shared between the TSA and DEGAS, 4 genes shared between Lee and DEGAS, and critically, 1 gene (DISC1) upregulated across all three experimental contexts, identifying it as a convergent therapeutic target. (E) MTS cell viability assay results in human iPSC‐derived cortical neurons. Left panel: Dose‐response curve showing Aβ oligomer‐induced toxicity at concentrations of 0.2, 1, and 5 µM compared to control. Right panel: TSA neuroprotection against 5 µM Aβ oligomers, with neurons pre‐treated with varying TSA concentrations (0.066, 0.2, 0.33) showing dose‐dependent rescue of cell viability. Statistical significance: ns (not significant), ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. (F) Quantification of synaptic cluster density (number of clusters per 20 µm dendrite) across treatment conditions. NT neurons show baseline synaptic density (gray), 5 µM) cause significant synaptic loss (red), and co‐treatment with 0.2 µM TSA (Aβo + TSA, green) significantly rescues synaptic density, demonstrating TSA's protective effect on synaptic integrity. Each dot represents an individual measurement. Statistical significance: ns (not significant), **** p < 0.0001. (G) Representative confocal immunofluorescence images of synapses in human iPSC‐derived cortical neurons. Neurons were immunostained for the postsynaptic marker PSD95 (red, left column) and presynaptic marker Syn1 (green, middle column), with colocalization (yellow, right column) indicating functional synapses. Rows show: NT controls (top), 5 µM Aβo treatment (middle), and combined treatment with Aβo plus 0.2 µM TSA (Aβo+TSA, bottom). TSA treatment preserves synaptic density and colocalization despite Aβ exposure. Scale bar = 2 µm. Aβ, β‐amyloid; Aβo, Aβ oligomers; AD, Alzheimer's disease; DEG, differentially expressed genes; DEGAS, Diagnostic Evidence Gauge of Single cells; GO, gene ontology; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; NT, non‐treated; TSA, trichostatin‐A.

Article Snippet: For experimental treatments, neurons were cultured until in vitro day (DIV) 4, at which point they were treated with various concentrations of TSA (TSA, Sigma–Aldrich, cat. #: T1952) and Aβ oligomers (StressMarq, cat. #: SPR‐488).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Control, Viability Assay, Immunofluorescence, Marker, Functional Assay, Diagnostic Assay

Journal: Alzheimer's & Dementia

Article Title: Single‐cell analysis reveals neuroprotective histone deacetylase inhibitor pathways

doi: 10.1002/alz.71108

Figure Lengend Snippet: Transcriptomic analysis of TSA effects on iPSC‐derived cortical neurons reveals distinct gene expression patterns . (A) Volcano plot displaying DEGs between control and TSA‐treated human iPSC‐derived cortical neurons. Significantly upregulated genes are shown in red and downregulated genes in blue (adjusted p ‐value < 0.05, |log 2 FC| > 0.58). (B) Box plots showing DISC1 expression levels (normalized log2CPM) across four treatment conditions: Control, Amyloid_beta (Aβ alone), TSA (TSA alone), and Combined (TSA + Aβ). Statistical comparisons are indicated with brackets and significance levels. (C) GO Biological Process enrichment analysis for genes upregulated by TSA treatment. Dot size represents gene count, and color indicates ‐log 10 (FDR). (D) GO Biological Process enrichment analysis for genes downregulated by TSA treatment. (E) GO Molecular Function enrichment for genes upregulated by TSA treatment. (F) GO Molecular Function enrichment for genes downregulated by TSA treatment. (G) Heatmap showing expression patterns of top differentially expressed genes across all samples. Samples are grouped by treatment condition (Control, Amyloid_beta, TSA, Combined) with color‐coded bars at the top. Gene expression is displayed as normalized z ‐scores, with red indicating high expression and blue indicating low expression. Aβ, β‐amyloid; DEG, differentially expressed genes; DISC1, Disrupted‐In‐Schizophrenia 1; FDR, false discovery rate; GO, gene ontology; iPSC, induced pluripotent stem cell; TSA, trichostatin‐A.

Article Snippet: For experimental treatments, neurons were cultured until in vitro day (DIV) 4, at which point they were treated with various concentrations of TSA (TSA, Sigma–Aldrich, cat. #: T1952) and Aβ oligomers (StressMarq, cat. #: SPR‐488).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Gene Expression, Control, Expressing

Journal: Alzheimer's & Dementia

Article Title: Single‐cell analysis reveals neuroprotective histone deacetylase inhibitor pathways

doi: 10.1002/alz.71108

Figure Lengend Snippet: Differential gene expression analysis of TSA and amyloid‐beta treatment in neural cells. (A) Volcano plot showing the main effect of Aβ treatment on gene expression (Amyloid‐beta Main Effect). Significantly downregulated genes are shown in blue and upregulated genes in red (adjusted p ‐value < 0.05, |log 2 FC| > 0.58). (B) Volcano plot displaying the main effect of TSA treatment on gene expression (TSA Main Effect). Significantly downregulated genes are shown in blue and upregulated genes in red. (C) Volcano plot illustrating the interaction effect between TSA and Aβ treatments (TSA:Amyloid‐beta Interaction Effect). Significantly downregulated genes are shown in blue and upregulated genes in red. (D) Heatmap displaying expression patterns of top differentially expressed genes across experimental conditions, clustered by effect type. Samples are organized by treatment condition: Control, AB (Aβ), TSA, and TSA+AB (Combined). Left sidebar color bars indicate Condition (Control, Amyloid_beta, TSA, Combined). Right sidebar color bars indicate Direction (Up, Down) and Effect (TSA, Amyloid‐beta, Interaction). Expression values are shown as normalized z ‐scores with yellow indicating high expression and blue indicating low expression. Aβ, β‐amyloid; TSA, trichostatin‐A.

Article Snippet: For experimental treatments, neurons were cultured until in vitro day (DIV) 4, at which point they were treated with various concentrations of TSA (TSA, Sigma–Aldrich, cat. #: T1952) and Aβ oligomers (StressMarq, cat. #: SPR‐488).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Expressing, Control